The Sharda River, also known as the Mahakali River, is an important transboundary river flowing between India and Nepal. It originates in the Great Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India, and travels through the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh before merging into the Ghaghara River. The river is significant for its hydroelectric potential, agriculture, and religious importance.
In this article, we will explore the origin, course, basin, significance, and development projects related to the Sharda River.
Origin of the Sharda River
The Sharda River originates in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, at an altitude of 3,600 meters (11,800 feet). The river has two main sources:
- Kalapani Springs (Historically considered the source)
- Kuthi Yankti River (Emerging from the Limpiyadhura range)
The river flows southwards, forming the natural border between Nepal and India.
Course of the Sharda River
The Sharda River follows a winding path covering approximately 350 km (220 miles). It flows southeast, passing through major towns before joining the Ghaghara River in Uttar Pradesh. The river receives several tributaries along its journey:
Right Tributaries (Uttarakhand)
- Kuthi River
- Dhauli River
- Gori River
- Sarju River
- Ladhiya River
Left Tributaries (Nepal)
- Chameliya River
- Ramgun River
The river enters the plains at Tanakpur, where it is dammed at the Sharda Barrage, a major irrigation project.
Basin of the Sharda River
The Sharda Basin extends over 14,871 square kilometers (5,742 square miles). It includes regions from both India and Nepal:
In Nepal:
- Sudurpashchim Province
- Baitadi, Dadeldhura, Darchula, and Kanchanpur districts
In India:
- Kumaon division (Uttarakhand)
- Pithoragarh, Champawat, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand)
- Lakhimpur Kheri district (Uttar Pradesh)
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Importance of the Sharda River
1. Agriculture & Irrigation
The river is a lifeline for farmers in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Sharda Canal System supports irrigation across vast agricultural lands.
2. Hydroelectric Power
The river has a huge potential for hydroelectric power generation. Major projects include:
- Sharda Barrage Hydroelectric Project
- Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) (A joint project between India and Nepal)
3. Religious & Cultural Significance
The river is named after Goddess Saraswati (Sharda), the deity of wisdom and learning. It is known as Mahakali River in Nepal and Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.
4. Biodiversity & Ecology
The river and its surroundings support diverse flora and fauna, including:
- Mahseer fish (important for local fishermen)
- Gangetic dolphins (found in lower stretches)
- Wetland birds
Development & Treaties
Mahakali Treaty (1996)
The Mahakali Treaty was signed between India and Nepal to ensure equal utilization of water resources. Key aspects include:
- Construction of Pancheshwar Dam for power and irrigation
- Strengthening Sharda Barrage and Tanakpur Barrage
- Regulating water-sharing agreements
Challenges Faced by the Sharda River
Despite its importance, the Sharda River faces several challenges:
1. Pollution
Increasing industrial and agricultural runoff is affecting water quality.
2. Encroachment & Sand Mining
Unregulated sand mining is threatening the river ecosystem.
3. Water Disputes
Ongoing disputes between India and Nepal over water-sharing agreements pose challenges for development projects.
The Sharda River is not just a geographical feature but a lifeline for millions in India and Nepal. With proper conservation efforts, sustainable development, and cooperation between nations, the river can continue to support agriculture, power generation, and biodiversity for years to come.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Where does the Sharda River originate?
The Sharda River originates from the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand, India, at an altitude of 3,600 meters (11,800 feet).
2. Which states does the Sharda River flow through?
The river flows through Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in India and Sudurpashchim Province in Nepal.
3. What are the major tributaries of the Sharda River?
- Right tributaries: Kuthi, Dhauli, Gori, Sarju, Ladhiya
- Left tributaries: Chameliya, Ramgun
4. Why is the Sharda River important?
The river is vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power, biodiversity, and religious significance.
5. What is the Mahakali Treaty?
The Mahakali Treaty (1996) is an agreement between India and Nepal for the joint development of the river’s resources, including power generation and irrigation.
6. What are the challenges faced by the Sharda River?
The river faces pollution, illegal sand mining, water-sharing disputes, and ecological threats.
7. How long is the Sharda River?
The river covers a distance of approximately 350 km (220 miles).
8. Where does the Sharda River meet the Ghaghara River?
The Sharda River joins the Ghaghara River in Uttar Pradesh, India, near Bahraich.